I don't know of any one-size-fits-all book. Oregon is so diverse with the coast, coast range, Willamette Valley, Siskiyous, Cascades, high desert (basin & range, Columbia Plateau), etc. Two books come to mind for the Cascades:
A Field Guide to the Cascades and Olympics - Stephen Whitney
Cascade-Olympic Natural History - Daniel Mathews
Also check out the Nature of the Northwest at www.naturenw.org They have a store near LLoyd Center. Check out Powell's Bookstore.
Good luck and good caching!