Ciphers vary greatly - I glanced at the one on this cache (which does not look like a cache I would start with, nor probably try anytime soon, cool though it appears to be) and I don't recognize it offhand, which is not surprising. Solving ciphers is a science (and to some extent an art) unto itself.
The most basic ciphers are simple substitution ciphers, like the "rot13" cipher used to encode additional hints. (That one is even easier than most because it's a constant shift.) Even if it's not a standard shift down the alphabet, a substitution cipher just replaces one character with another; a = 7, b = g, w = +, etc. They are fairly easy to solve by looking at things like letter frequency and knowing that "e" is the most common letter in English, "th" and "io" often appear together, "ss" and "oo" are common double letters, and so on. The longer the encoded text, the easier this is to do.
At the other end of the spectrum are ciphers you might see that start with "-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----". If you can solve that, a lot of mathematicians and computer scientists (and probably some government people) will want to talk to you. :-) This is rather beyond the realm of "puzzle" though.
In general, there is a process for transforming the original text into the cipher text. The trick is to deduce what that is, and reverse it. Clues may often be found in various aspects of the cipher text, especially in puzzle caches where the goal isn't really to make it impossible to solve (which *is* the goal in full-strength encryption).